Is The Amount Of Data A Storage Device Can Move Per Second From The Storage Medium To Ram

40 GB PATA hard disk (HDD); when continued to a estimator information technology serves as secondary storage.

160 GB SDLT tape cartridge, an instance of off-line storage. When used within a robotic tape library, it is classified equally tertiary storage instead.

Figurer data storage, oftentimes chosen storage or memory, is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital information. Information technology is a cadre function and fundamental component of computers.

In contemporary usage, memory is usually semiconductor storage read-write random-admission memory, typically DRAM (Dynamic-RAM) or other forms of fast but temporary storage. Storage consists of storage devices and their media non direct accessible by the CPU, (secondary or tertiary storage), typically hard disk drives, optical disc drives, and other devices slower than RAM but are non-volatile (retaining contents when powered downwards). ^[i] Historically, memory has been called core, master retentiveness, real storage or internal memory while storage devices have been referred to equally secondary storage, external memory or auxiliary/peripheral storage.

The distinctions are fundamental to the architecture of computers. The distinctions also reflect an important and pregnant technical difference between retention and mass storage devices, which has been blurred past the historical usage of the term storage. Nevertheless, this article uses the traditional nomenclature.

Many different forms of storage, based on diverse natural phenomena, have been invented. So far, no practical universal storage medium exists, and all forms of storage take some drawbacks. Therefore a reckoner organization usually contains several kinds of storage, each with an individual purpose.

A modern digital computer represents information using the binary numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nigh any other form of information can be converted into a cord of bits, or binary digits, each of which has a value of 1 or 0. The about mutual unit of measurement of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits. A piece of information can be handled past whatsoever estimator or device whose storage space is large plenty to arrange the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply information. For example, the consummate works of Shakespeare, near 1250 pages in print, can be stored in nearly five megabytes (twoscore million bits) with i byte per character.

The defining component of a computer is the key processing unit (CPU, or simply processor), considering it operates on data, performs computations, and controls other components. In the near commonly used computer architecture, the CPU consists of 2 main parts: control unit and arithmetic logic unit of measurement (ALU). The old controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory; the latter performs arithmetics and logical operations on data.

Without a meaning corporeality of retentiveness, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result. It would have to be reconfigured to change its beliefs. This is acceptable for devices such as desk calculators, digital point processors, and other specialised devices. Von Neumann machines differ in having a memory in which they store their operating instructions and data. Such computers are more versatile in that they practice not need to have their hardware reconfigured for each new program, but tin just be reprogrammed with new in-memory instructions; they as well tend to be simpler to pattern, in that a relatively elementary processor may keep land between successive computations to build up complex procedural results. Near mod computers are von Neumann machines.

In practice, almost all computers use a variety of retentiveness types, organized in a storage bureaucracy effectually the CPU, as a trade-off betwixt performance and toll. Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and the greater its access latency is from the CPU. This traditional division of storage to master, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per flake.

Contents

• 1 Hierarchy of storage
  • one.ane Primary storage
  • 1.ii Secondary storage
  • ane.three Third storage
  • 1.4 Off-line storage
• 2 Characteristics of storage
  • two.1 Volatility
  • 2.2 Mutability
  • two.3 Accessibility
  • 2.four Addressability
  • 2.v Capacity
  • 2.6 Performance
  • 2.7 Energy utilisation
• 3 Fundamental storage technologies
  • 3.i Semiconductor
  • 3.2 Magnetic
  • 3.iii Optical
  • 3.4 Paper
  • 3.five Uncommon
• 4 Related technologies
  • 4.1 Network connectivity
  • 4.2 Robotic storage
• 5 See also
  • v.i Master storage topics
  • 5.2 Secondary, 3rd and off-line storage topics
  • 5.3 Data storage conferences
• 6 References

Hierarchy of storage

Principal storage

Direct links to this section: Principal storage, Primary memory, Internal Retentivity.

Primary storage (or main retention or internal memory), often referred to simply as retentivity, is the only i directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them equally required. Whatsoever data actively operated on is also stored at that place in compatible manner.

Historically, early computers used filibuster lines, Williams tubes, or rotating magnetic drums as chief storage. By 1954, those unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core retention. Core retention remained dominant until the 1970s, when advances in integrated circuit technology allowed semiconductor memory to become economically competitive.

This led to modern random-access memory (RAM). It is small-sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular types of RAM used for primary storage are besides volatile, i.e. they lose the information when non powered).

Equally shown in the diagram, traditionally there are two more sub-layers of the primary storage, besides principal large-capacity RAM:

• Processor registers are located within the processor. Each register typically holds a word of data (often 32 or 64 bits). CPU instructions instruct the arithmetic and logic unit to perform various calculations or other operations on this data (or with the assistance of it). Registers are the fastest of all forms of estimator information storage.
• Processor enshroud is an intermediate phase between ultra-fast registers and much slower main memory. It's introduced solely to increase performance of the reckoner. Most actively used information in the main memory is only duplicated in the cache retentiveness, which is faster, merely of much lesser capacity. On the other hand, main retentivity is much slower, only has a much greater storage capacity than processor registers. Multi-level hierarchical enshroud setup is too ordinarily used—primary cache being smallest, fastest and located inside the processor; secondary cache beingness somewhat larger and slower.

Main memory is straight or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus. It is really ii buses (non on the diagram): an accost bus and a information autobus. The CPU firstly sends a number through an address bus, a number called retentivity address, that indicates the desired location of data. And so it reads or writes the data itself using the data autobus. Additionally, a memory management unit (MMU) is a small device between CPU and RAM recalculating the bodily memory address, for example to provide an abstraction of virtual memory or other tasks.

Every bit the RAM types used for primary storage are volatile (cleared at start up), a computer containing just such storage would not have a source to read instructions from, in guild to start the computer. Hence, not-volatile principal storage containing a pocket-size startup programme (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the calculator, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile secondary storage to RAM and start to execute it. A non-volatile engineering science used for this purpose is called ROM, for read-but memory (the terminology may be somewhat confusing as nigh ROM types are likewise capable of random access).

Many types of "ROM" are not literally read only, equally updates are possible; however information technology is deadening and memory must be erased in large portions before it can be re-written. Some embedded systems run programs direct from ROM (or similar), because such programs are rarely changed. Standard computers do not store non-rudimentary programs in ROM, rather employ big capacities of secondary storage, which is non-volatile also, and non every bit costly.

Recently, main storage and secondary storage in some uses refer to what was historically called, respectively, secondary storage and tertiary storage. ^[2]

Secondary storage

Secondary storage (too known as external retention or auxiliary storage), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible past the CPU. The figurer usually uses its input/output channels to admission secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in main storage. Secondary storage does not lose the information when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Per unit of measurement, it is typically also ii orders of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Mod computer systems typically accept two orders of magnitude more than secondary storage than principal storage and data are kept for a longer time in that location.

In modernistic computers, hard disk drives are unremarkably used equally secondary storage. The fourth dimension taken to access a given byte of information stored on a difficult disk is typically a few thousandths of a 2nd, or milliseconds. By contrast, the time taken to access a given byte of data stored in random-access memory is measured in billionths of a second, or nanoseconds. This illustrates the significant admission-fourth dimension difference which distinguishes solid-land retention from rotating magnetic storage devices: hard disks are typically about a 1000000 times slower than memory. Rotating optical storage devices, such every bit CD and DVD drives, take even longer access times. With disk drives, once the deejay read/write head reaches the proper placement and the data of interest rotates nether it, subsequent data on the track are very fast to access. To reduce the seek time and rotational latency, data are transferred to and from disks in large contiguous blocks.

When data reside on disk, cake access to hibernate latency offers a ray of promise in designing efficient external retention algorithms. Sequential or block access on disks is orders of magnitude faster than random access, and many sophisticated paradigms have been adult to blueprint efficient algorithms based upon sequential and block access. Some other way to reduce the I/O bottleneck is to use multiple disks in parallel in order to increment the bandwidth between primary and secondary retention. ^[3]

Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are: flash memory (eastward.1000. USB flash drives or keys), floppy disks, magnetic record, paper tape, punched cards, standalone RAM disks, and Iomega Zip drives.

The secondary storage is frequently formatted according to a file system format, which provides the brainchild necessary to organize data into files and directories, providing also additional information (called metadata) describing the owner of a certain file, the access fourth dimension, the access permissions, and other information.

Near computer operating systems use the concept of virtual retentiveness, allowing utilization of more master storage capacity than is physically available in the organisation. Equally the primary memory fills up, the system moves the least-used chunks (pages) to secondary storage devices (to a swap file or page file), retrieving them later when they are needed. As more of these retrievals from slower secondary storage are necessary, the more the overall system performance is degraded.

Tertiary storage

Large record library. Tape cartridges placed on shelves in the front, robotic arm moving in the back. Visible acme of the library is about 180 cm.

3rd storage or third memory, ^[four] provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic machinery which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device co-ordinate to the system's demands; these data are frequently copied to secondary storage before utilize. It is primarily used for archiving rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e.yard. five–60 seconds vs. 1–x milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without homo operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes.

When a figurer needs to read data from the 3rd storage, it will first consult a itemize database to decide which record or disc contains the information. Next, the calculator will instruct a robotic arm to fetch the medium and place information technology in a drive. When the computer has finished reading the data, the robotic arm volition return the medium to its place in the library.

Off-line storage

Off-line storage is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit. ^[five] The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or 3rd storage device, and then physically removed or asunder. It must be inserted or connected by a man operator earlier a computer tin admission it over again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction.

Off-line storage is used to transfer information, since the detached medium tin be easily physically transported. Additionally, in case a disaster, for case a burn, destroys the original information, a medium in a remote location will probably be unaffected, enabling disaster recovery. Off-line storage increases general data security, since it is physically inaccessible from a computer, and information confidentiality or integrity cannot be affected past computer-based attack techniques. Also, if the data stored for archival purposes is rarely accessed, off-line storage is less expensive than third storage.

In modern personal computers, about secondary and third storage media are besides used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are most popular, and to much lesser extent removable hard disk drive drives. In enterprise uses, magnetic tape is predominant. Older examples are floppy disks, Zip disks, or punched cards.

Characteristics of storage

A 1GB DDR RAM module (detail)

Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy tin can exist differentiated by evaluating sure core characteristics as well equally measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. These core characteristics are volatility, mutability, accessibility, and addressibility. For any particular implementation of whatever storage technology, the characteristics worth measuring are capacity and performance.

Volatility

Not-volatile memory

Will retain the stored data fifty-fifty if it is not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of data.

Volatile retention

Requires abiding power to maintain the stored data. The fastest memory technologies of today are volatile ones (not a universal rule). Since primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory.

Dynamic random-access memory

A grade of volatile retentivity which also requires the stored information to be periodically re-read and re-written, or refreshed, otherwise it would vanish.

Static random-access retentivity

A form of volatile retentivity similar to DRAM with the exception that it never needs to be refreshed as long as power is practical. (It loses its content if power is removed).

An uninterruptible power supply can be used to give a estimator a brief window of time to move information from primary volatile storage into non-volatile storage before the batteries are exhausted. Some systems (e.1000., see the EMC Symmetrix) take integrated batteries that maintain volatile storage for several hours.

Mutability

Read/write storage or mutable storage

Allows data to be overwritten at any time. A computer without some amount of read/write storage for master storage purposes would be useless for many tasks. Mod computers typically use read/write storage also for secondary storage.

Read but storage

Retains the information stored at the time of manufacture, and write once storage (Write Once Read Many) allows the data to exist written simply once at some point afterward manufacture. These are called immutable storage. Immutable storage is used for tertiary and off-line storage. Examples include CD-ROM and CD-R.

Wearisome write, fast read storage

Read/write storage which allows information to be overwritten multiple times, only with the write functioning being much slower than the read operation. Examples include CD-RW and flash memory.

Accessibility

Random admission

Any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in approximately the same amount of fourth dimension. Such feature is well suited for primary and secondary storage. Nigh semiconductor memories and disk drives provide random access.

Sequential access

The accessing of pieces of information will exist in a serial order, one later on the other; therefore the time to admission a particular piece of data depends upon which piece of information was terminal accessed. Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage.

Addressability

Location-addressable

Each individually accessible unit of information in storage is selected with its numerical memory address. In mod computers, location-addressable storage usually limits to primary storage, accessed internally by estimator programs, since location-addressability is very efficient, but burdensome for humans.

File addressable

Information is divided into files of variable length, and a detail file is selected with human being-readable directory and file names. The underlying device is still location-addressable, but the operating system of a computer provides the file organisation abstraction to make the operation more understandable. In modernistic computers, secondary, 3rd and off-line storage use file systems.

Content-addressable

Each individually accessible unit of data is selected based on the basis of (part of) the contents stored there. Content-addressable storage tin can be implemented using software (reckoner program) or hardware (computer device), with hardware being faster but more expensive pick. Hardware content addressable retentivity is oftentimes used in a estimator's CPU cache.

Capacity

Raw capacity

The total corporeality of stored data that a storage device or medium tin agree. It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes (due east.1000. 10.4 megabytes).

Memory storage density

The firmness of stored information. Information technology is the storage chapters of a medium divided with a unit of length, area or volume (e.g. 1.ii megabytes per foursquare inch).

Performance

Latency

The fourth dimension it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. It may make sense to separate read latency and write latency, and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency.

Throughput

The rate at which information tin can exist read from or written to the storage. In computer data storage, throughput is commonly expressed in terms of megabytes per second or MB/southward, though bit rate may as well be used. As with latency, read charge per unit and write rate may need to be differentiated. Also accessing media sequentially, as opposed to randomly, typically yields maximum throughput.

Granularity

The size of the largest "chunk" of data that tin exist efficiently accessed as a single unit, eastward.one thousand. without introducing more latency.

Reliability

The probability of spontaneous scrap value alter nether diverse conditions, or overall failure rate

Energy utilisation

• Storage devices that reduce fan usage, automatically shut-down during inactivity, and low power hard drives can reduce energy consumption xc pct. ^[6]
• ii.five inch hd drives often swallow less power than larger ones. ^{[7] [8]} Depression chapters solid-state drives have no moving parts and swallow less ability than difficult disks. ^{[nine] [10] [11]} Also, memory may use more power than hard disks. ^[11]

Key storage technologies

As of 2011^[update], the nearly normally used data storage technologies are semiconductor, magnetic, and optical, while paper still sees some express usage. Media is a mutual name for what actually holds the data in the storage device. Some other fundamental storage technologies have also been used in the past or are proposed for evolution.

Semiconductor

Semiconductor retention uses semiconductor-based integrated circuits to store information. A semiconductor memory chip may contain millions of tiny transistors or capacitors. Both volatile and non-volatile forms of semiconductor retention exist. In modern computers, primary storage almost exclusively consists of dynamic volatile semiconductor memory or dynamic random access memory. Since the turn of the century, a type of not-volatile semiconductor memory known every bit flash retention has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. Not-volatile semiconductor retentivity is also used for secondary storage in diverse advanced electronic devices and specialized computers. Every bit early equally 2006, notebook and desktop calculator manufacturers started using flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) every bit default configuration options for the secondary storage either in improver to or instead of the more traditional HDD. ^{[12] [13] [14] [15] [xvi]}

Magnetic

Magnetic storage media
Wire (1898) Record (1928) Pulsate (1932) Ferrite core (1949) Hd (1956) Stripe card (1956) MICR (1956) Thin film (1962) CRAM (1962) Twistor (~1968) Floppy disk (1969) Bubble (~1970) MRAM (1995) Racetrack (2008)

Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads which may incorporate one or more than recording transducers. A read/write head only covers a part of the surface so that the head or medium or both must be moved relative to some other in social club to admission data. In modern computers, magnetic storage will have these forms:

• Magnetic disk
  • Floppy disk, used for off-line storage
  • Hd drive, used for secondary storage
• Magnetic record, used for 3rd and off-line storage

In early computers, magnetic storage was also used equally:

• Primary storage in a form of magnetic retentivity, or core retention, core rope retentiveness, thin-film retention and/or twistor memory.
• Tertiary (eastward.g. NCR CRAM) or off line storage in the form of magnetic cards.
• Magnetic record was then oftentimes used for secondary storage.

Optical

Optical storage media
CD (1982): CD-R (1988) CD-RW (1997) DVD (1995): DVD-RW (1999) DVD+RW (2001) DVD+R (2002) DVD+R DL (2004) DVD-R DL (2005) BD (2006): BD-R (2006) BD-RE (2006) Discontinued: Microform (1870) Optical tape (20th century) Optical disc (20th century) Laserdisc (1978) UDO (2003) ProData (2003) UMD (2004) Hard disk drive DVD (2006) Magneto-optic Kerr result (1877): MO disc (1980s) MiniDisc (1992) Hullo-MD (2004) Optical Assist: Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation turntable (1986) Floptical (1991) Super DLT (1998)

Optical storage, the typical optical disc, stores data in deformities on the surface of a round disc and reads this information by illuminating the surface with a laser diode and observing the reflection. Optical disc storage is non-volatile. The deformities may be permanent (read only media ), formed once (write once media) or reversible (recordable or read/write media). The following forms are currently in common use: ^[17]

• CD, CD-ROM, DVD, BD-ROM: Read merely storage, used for mass distribution of digital data (music, video, estimator programs)
• CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R: Write one time storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage
• CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE: Slow write, fast read storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage
• Ultra Density Optical or UDO is similar in capacity to BD-R or BD-RE and is slow write, fast read storage used for 3rd and off-line storage.

Magneto-optical disc storage is optical disc storage where the magnetic state on a ferromagnetic surface stores data. The information is read optically and written past combining magnetic and optical methods. Magneto-optical disc storage is non-volatile, sequential access, boring write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage.

3D optical data storage has likewise been proposed.

Paper

Paper data storage media
Antiquity	Writing on papyrus (c.3000 BCE) Paper (105 CE)
Modernistic	Punched tape (1846) Volume music (1863) Ticker tape (1867) Piano ringlet (1880s) Punched carte (1890) Edge-notched bill of fare (1896) Optical mark recognition Optical character recognition (1929) Barcode (1948) Paper disc (2004)

Newspaper data storage, typically in the form of paper tape or punched cards, has long been used to store information for automated processing, particularly before general-purpose computers existed. Information was recorded past punching holes into the newspaper or paper-thin medium and was read mechanically (or later optically) to determine whether a particular location on the medium was solid or contained a pigsty. A few technologies allow people to brand marks on paper that are easily read past machine—these are widely used for tabulating votes and grading standardized tests. Barcodes made it possible for any object that was to be sold or transported to have some computer readable information securely attached to it.

Uncommon

Vacuum tube memory

A Williams tube used a cathode ray tube, and a Selectron tube used a big vacuum tube to store data. These master storage devices were short-lived in the market, since Williams tube was unreliable and the Selectron tube was expensive.

Electro-audio-visual memory

Filibuster line memory used sound waves in a substance such as mercury to shop information. Delay line memory was dynamic volatile, bike sequential read/write storage, and was used for primary storage.

Optical tape

is a medium for optical storage mostly consisting of a long and narrow strip of plastic onto which patterns can be written and from which the patterns can exist read back. Information technology shares some technologies with cinema picture show stock and optical discs, but is uniform with neither. The motivation backside developing this technology was the possibility of far greater storage capacities than either magnetic tape or optical discs.

Stage-change memory

uses different mechanical phases of Phase Change Textile to store data in an X-Y addressable matrix, and reads the information by observing the varying electrical resistance of the fabric. Stage-change retention would be non-volatile, random-admission read/write storage, and might be used for chief, secondary and off-line storage. Almost rewritable and many write in one case optical disks already use phase change material to shop information.

Holographic data storage

stores data optically inside crystals or photopolymers. Holographic storage tin utilize the whole volume of the storage medium, different optical disc storage which is limited to a small number of surface layers. Holographic storage would be non-volatile, sequential access, and either write one time or read/write storage. Information technology might exist used for secondary and off-line storage. See Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD).

Molecular memory

stores information in polymer that can store electric accuse. Molecular retention might be especially suited for primary storage. The theoretical storage capacity of molecular memory is ten terabits per foursquare inch. ^[eighteen]

Network connectivity

A secondary or tertiary storage may connect to a reckoner utilizing computer networks. This concept does not pertain to the primary storage, which is shared between multiple processors in a much lesser degree.

• Straight-attached storage (DAS) is a traditional mass storage, that does non use whatsoever network. This is nevertheless a most popular approach. This retronym was coined recently, together with NAS and SAN.
• Network-attached storage (NAS) is mass storage attached to a figurer which another computer tin can access at file level over a local surface area network, a private broad area network, or in the case of online file storage, over the Internet. NAS is unremarkably associated with the NFS and CIFS/SMB protocols.
• Storage area network (SAN) is a specialized network, that provides other computers with storage chapters. The crucial difference between NAS and SAN is the quondam presents and manages file systems to customer computers, whilst the latter provides access at block-addressing (raw) level, leaving information technology to attaching systems to manage information or file systems within the provided capacity. SAN is usually associated with Fibre Channel networks.

Robotic storage

Large quantities of individual magnetic tapes, and optical or magneto-optical discs may be stored in robotic tertiary storage devices. In record storage field they are known as tape libraries, and in optical storage field optical jukeboxes, or optical disk libraries per analogy. Smallest forms of either technology containing just one drive device are referred to as autoloaders or autochangers.

Robotic-access storage devices may accept a number of slots, each holding private media, and unremarkably i or more picking robots that traverse the slots and load media to built-in drives. The arrangement of the slots and picking devices affects operation. Important characteristics of such storage are possible expansion options: calculation slots, modules, drives, robots. Tape libraries may have from 10 to more than than 100,000 slots, and provide terabytes or petabytes of almost-line information. Optical jukeboxes are somewhat smaller solutions, upwardly to i,000 slots.

Robotic storage is used for backups, and for high-capacity archives in imaging, medical, and video industries. Hierarchical storage management is a near known archiving strategy of automatically migrating long-unused files from fast hard disk storage to libraries or jukeboxes. If the files are needed, they are retrieved back to disk.

See also

Primary storage topics

• Aperture (estimator memory)
• Dynamic random-admission memory (DRAM)
• Memory latency
• Mass storage
• Memory cell (disambiguation)
• Memory management
  • Dynamic memory allocation
    • Retentiveness leak
  • Virtual memory
• Memory protection
• Page address annals
• Static random-access memory (SRAM)
• Stable storage

Secondary, third and off-line storage topics

• Information deduplication
• Data proliferation
• Information storage tag used for capturing research data
• File system
  • Daftar/Tabel -- file formats
• Flash retentiveness
• Data repository
• Removable media
• Solid-state bulldoze
• Spindle
• Virtual tape library
• Wait state
• Write buffer
• Write protection
• Noise-Predictive Maximum-Likelihood (NPML) Detection

Data storage conferences

• Storage Networking Globe
• Storage World Conference
• USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies

References

 This commodity incorporates public domain material from the General Services Assistants document "Federal Standard 1037C".

1. ^ Storage as defined in Microsoft Calculating Lexicon, 4th Ed. (c)1999 or in The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standard Terms, 7th Ed., (c) 2000.
2. ^ "Primary Storage or Storage Hardware" (shows usage of term "chief storage" significant "hard disk storage"). Searchstorage.techtarget.com (2011-06-13). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
3. ^ J. S. Vitter, Algorithms and Data Structures for External Retentiveness, Series on Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer science, now Publishers, Hanover, MA, 2008, ISBN 978-ane-60198-106-half dozen.
4. ^ A thesis on Tertiary storage. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
5. ^ National Communications System (1996). Federal Standard 1037C – Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms. Full general Services Administration. FS-1037C. http://world wide web.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm . Retrieved 2007-10-08 See also article Federal Standard 1037C.
6. ^ Energy Savings Reckoner and Fabric website
7. ^ Mike Mentum (8 March 2004). "IS the Silent PC Future two.5-inches wide?". http://world wide web.silentpcreview.com/article145-page1.html . Retrieved 2008-08-02.
8. ^ Mike Mentum (2002-09-18). "Recommended Hard Drives". http://www.silentpcreview.com/article29-page2.html . Retrieved 2008-08-02.
9. ^ Super Talent's 2.five" IDE Wink hard bulldoze – The Tech Report – Page 13. The Tech Report. Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
10. ^ Ability Consumption – Tom's Hardware : Conventional Hard Drive Obsoletism? Samsung's 32 GB Flash Drive Previewed. Tomshardware.com (2006-09-20). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
11. ^ ^{a b} Aleksey Meyev (2008-04-23). "SSD, i-RAM and Traditional Hard disk drive Drives". http://www.xbitlabs.com/manufactures/storage/display/ssd-iram.html.
12. ^ New Samsung Notebook Replaces Hard Bulldoze With Flash. ExtremeTech (2006-05-23). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
13. ^ Welcome to TechNewsWorld. Technewsworld.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
14. ^ Mac Pro – Storage and RAID options for your Mac Pro. Apple tree (2006-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
15. ^ MacBook Air – The best of iPad meets the all-time of Mac. Apple tree. Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
16. ^ MacBook Air Replaces the Standard Notebook Difficult Deejay for Solid State Flash Storage. News.inventhelp.com (2010-eleven-15). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.
17. ^ The DVD FAQ is a comprehensive reference of DVD technologies.
18. ^ New Method Of Self-assembling Nanoscale Elements Could Transform Data Storage Industry. Sciencedaily.com (2009-03-01). Retrieved on 2011-06-18.

Primary computer data storage technologies
Volatile memory	Current DRAM e.g. DDR SDRAM SRAM Future Z-RAM TTRAM Historical Williams tube Delay line retentivity Selectron tube
Non-volatile retention	Current ROM PROM EAROM EPROM EEPROM Flash memory Future FeRAM MRAM PRAM SONOS RRAM NRAM Historical Drum retentivity Magnetic core retentivity Twistor memory Bubble retention

Is The Amount Of Data A Storage Device Can Move Per Second From The Storage Medium To Ram,

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